For some years now, bacteria known as probiotics have been added to various foods because of their beneficial effects in human health. Probiotics are microorganisms, principally bacteria, which confer health benefits beyond basic nutrition when ingested. Probiotics have been studied for their health-promoting effects. The mechanism of action of probiotics is related to their ability to compete with pathogenic microorganisms for adhesion sites, to antagonize these pathogens or to modulate the host's immune response. The main field of research has been always focused on the gastrointestinal tract. However, recently, probiotics have also been investigated from an oral health perspective, and their use has shown promising results with respect to control of chronic conditions such as dental caries, periodontitis, halitosis and candidal infections, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and in voice prosthesis. The potential application of probiotics for oral health has recently attracted the attention of researchers. Although only a few clinical studies have been conducted so far. This article summarizes the current status of using probiotics and its insinuation in oral health.

Context: Stromal myofibroblasts (MFs) are key cells for connective tissue remodeling and interact with epithelial cells and other connective tissue cells to control phenomena as tumor invasion and angiogenesis thereby contributing to their biological behavior. Aims: The study assesses the frequency of stromal MF in solid ameloblastoma (SA), odontogenic keratocyst (OKC), and dentigerous cyst (DC) and relates it to their biological behavior. Settings and Design: Ten cases of each lesion were taken and stained immunohistochemically for alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) which is a marker for stromal MF. Materials and Methods: Ten cases each of SA, OKC, and DC were included in the study. Cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC, n = 5) served as the baseline for comparison as they are aggressive lesions expressing increased number of stromal MFs. The frequency of MFs was assessed as the number of α-SMA-positive stromal cells in 10 high-power fields and presented as the mean number of positive cells per field. Statistical Analysis Used: Differences in the mean number of α-SMA-positive cell per field among SA, OKC, DC, and SCC were analyzed using one-way ANOVA test. Results: Counts showed that mean number of α-SMA-positive MFs in SA, OKC, and DC were 24.56 (±4.63), 21.37 (±4.17), and 8.03 (±2.15), respectively. Results showed that the mean number of stromal MFs in SA and OKC was significantly higher than that in DC (8.03 ± 2.15) (P < 0.05). The count of MFs in SA and OKC was not significantly different from that of SCC (25.06 ± 4.61) (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Activated MF participates in the matrix degradation process which is considered to be one of the main forces in tumor growth and invasion. Among odontogenic lesions, ameloblastoma and OKC (presently termed as keratocystic odontogenic tumor) are well known for their higher growth and recurrence potential. They tend to show burrowing growth pattern. Various studies have evaluated the epithelial factors responsible for their growth potential; we in our study have tried to relate the emergence of stromal MF to the biological behavior of these lesions. The frequency of stromal MF in OKC and ameloblastoma was almost similar to that in SCC, thereby implying that MF can contribute to the biological behavior of these odontogenic lesions.

Gingival fibromatosis is a heterogeneous group of enlargement characterized by progressive increase in gingival connective tissue elements. Most of the cases are iatrogenic, and some are inherited or idiopathic. Here, we present an unusual clinical presentation of nonsyndromic idiopathic gingival fibromatosis with unknown etiology in a 20-year-old female. The diagnosis was made based on history, clinical examination, radiographic findings, and histopathology.

Cavernous hemangiomas of the uterine cervix are quite rare. They are benign tumors that may cause gynecological or obstetrical complications. Although they can be found at all levels of the uterine wall, including the serosa, myometrium, and endometrium, there have been few cases reported from the uterine cervix. We report the case of a 22-year-old female with incidental finding of cavernous hemangioma of the uterine cervix following histopathological examination of tissues from a loop electrosurgical excision procedure during colposcopy.

Lipomas are the most common benign neoplasm of mesenchymal origin, composed of adipose tissue, which comprises almost 50% of all the soft tissue neoplasm. Lipomas can occur at any age and more frequently located on chest, arm, the trunk, shoulder, and thigh but rarely found on head and neck region. Lipomas are most frequently encountered in the subcutaneous tissues but very rarely may be intermuscular or intramuscular. This case report presents an unusual case of lipoma associated with frontalis muscle in a 65-year-old male patient.